Questão nº 122
Questão de Língua Inglesa · CEBRASPE IRBR 2026 (nº 122)
Cyber issues have become increasingly central in international affairs and the breadth of issues discussed under this rubric has grown, including questions of peace and conflict, the fight against cybercrime and controversies around internet governance. In this context, three issue characteristics have affected the practice of cyber diplomacy.
First, cybersecurity retains a strong technical undercurrent that not only poses a challenge to conventional diplomatic skills but also introduces a distinct temporal quality. Reflecting broader trends in digital connectivity, cybersecurity evolves at the speed of technology, contributing to the transient nature of diplomatic practices, the limits of which are "constantly being renegotiated". These conceptual ambiguities have imbued cyber governance with a distinct political dynamic, offering ample opportunity for varied policy solutions to find "rhetorical shelter".
Second, perceptions of the stakes involved are equally evolving, with initial concerns about cyber war and cyberterrorism being supplemented with a focus on attacks below the level of armed attack. Relatedly, dichotomies across cybercrime and international security are blurring as cybercriminals are enlisted in state-sponsored campaigns.
Third, cyber issues exhibit a cross-cutting nature that breaches institutional and epistemic boundaries, calling into action a swath of actors across the public-private divide and requiring coordination across knowledge domains, including technical, legal and policy knowledge.
Based on the ideas presented in the preceding text, as well as on its linguistic aspects, judge the following items.
By stating that "cybercriminals are enlisted in state-sponsored campaigns" (last sentence of the third paragraph), the text suggests that they are officially classified as threats to national security.
Resposta comentada
Conceito-chave: "Enlisted" significa recrutados/alistados — ou seja, os cibercriminosos passam a ser usados pelo Estado em campanhas patrocinadas, atuando como agentes/mercenários. Isso é diferente de serem oficialmente classificados como ameaça à segurança nacional. O texto fala de cooptação, não de categorização oficial.
- Correta: Errado. O item torce o sentido ao afirmar que eles são "officially classified as threats to national security" — o texto diz apenas que são "enlisted in state-sponsored campaigns", isto é, recrutados para agir a serviço do Estado, não rotulados oficialmente como ameaça.
Como ficaria certo: By stating that "cybercriminals are enlisted in state-sponsored campaigns", the text suggests that they are recruited to act on behalf of states, blurring the line between cybercrime and international security.
Fonte: CEBRASPE IRBR 2026 Diplomata (Terceiro Secretário). Reproduzida para fins de estudo.